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(1) Binders, Fredrick M. and David M. Reimers. All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
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Foner, Nancy. New Immigrants in New York. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
(3) Vernon, Raymond (Director). New York Metropolitan Region Study. United States: Regional Plan Association Inc, 1959.
(4) Orsi, Robert. The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880- 1950. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985.
(5) Haslip-Viera, Gabriel et al. Latinos in New York: Communitites in Transition. London: Notre Dame Press, 1996.
(6) Johnson, James. Black Manhattan. New York: Da Capo Press, 1930.
(7) Ramerini, Marco. DUTCH PORTUGUESE COLONIAL HISTORY. Last accessed Fri, 7 April 2006. Copyright 1998- 2006. <http://www.colonialvoyage.com/brazil.html>
(8) nnp.org. A Virtual Tour of New Netherland. (n. d.). Last accessed Fri, 7 April 2006.
<http://www.nnp.org/newvtour/regions/Manhattan/new-amsterdam.html>
(9) Twincom. East Harlem History. Last accessed Fri, 7 April 2006. Copyright 1996 -2004.
<http://www.east-harlem.com/history.htm>
(10) Kinsella. Irish Immigrants in America during the 19th Century. Last accessed Fri, 7 April 2006. Copyright 1996-2006.
<http://www.kinsella.org/history/histira.htm>
(11) Tolzmann, Don. Learning About Our World: Germany. Ohio Department of Education. Last Updated: 15 June 1999.
<http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/KADE/unit19/apen19-j.html>
(12) Fleming, Thomas. Reflections on Black History. Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Last accessed Sun, 9 April 2006. Copyright 1997.
<http://www.sfmuseum.org/sunreporter/fleming4.html>
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